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The technology discloses composition of compounds that fully antagonize the human P2Y14 receptor, with moderate affinity with insignificant antagonism of other P2Y receptors. Therefore, they are highly selective P2Y14 receptor antagonists. Even though there is no P2Y14 receptor modulators in clinical use currently, selective P2Y14 receptor antagonists are sought as potential therapeutic treatments for asthma, cystic fibrosis, inflammation and possibly diabetes and neurodegeneration.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel RNA enveloped coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 when the virus enters human airway cells via an ACE2-mediated entry process. This entry pathway is facilitated by the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), which enhances viral attachment to the cell surface. Researchers at NIDDK and NCATS have discovered a collection of FDA-approved drugs that can interfere with the entry of SARS-CoV-2. These drugs can be grouped into three classes based on the distinct steps in the viral entry pathway that they target.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with nearly 200,000 cancers and 140,000 deaths each year. EBV-associated cancers include Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt B cell lymphoma, and EBV post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. The latent reservoir for EBV in the body is the B lymphocyte. Thus, blocking B cell infection is important for reducing EBV-related disease.

Flaviviruses such as Zika virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus cause widespread illness and death throughout the world. Typically, flaviviruses get transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes and ticks.

During lung infection, bloodstream neutrophils (PMNs) responding to infection travel to the airspace lumen. Although successful arrival of microbicidal PMNs to the airspace is essential for host defense against inhaled pathogens, excessive accumulation of PMNs in the lung contributes to the pathogenesis of several prevalent lung disorders, including acute lung injury, bronchiectasis, and COPD. Unfortunately, there is no treatment for controlling PMN accumulation in the lung.

Immunoglobulins play a key role in the immune system. CDC has developed and tested hybridoma cell lines (monoclonal antibody (mAb) clones) for human IgG and other immunoglobulins. The mAbs generated from those hybridomas could be used as a reagent (second Ab) of anti-human immunoglobins in a diagnostic assay for SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the virus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) and other assays that detect antigen specific antibodies from human sera.

This technology includes a method for synthesizing the ketamine analogs (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine that may be useful for the treatment of pain, depression, anxiety, and related disorders. The drug ketamine was first used as an anesthetic but was found to be an effective treatment in a range of conditions, including paint, treatment-resistant bipolar depression, and other anxiety-related disorders. However, the routine use of ketamine is hindered by unwanted side effects, including the potential for abuse.

This technology includes the development and use of small molecule activators of pyruvate kinase (PK) for the treatment of inherited nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, including PK deficiency. PK deficiency is caused by an inherited deficiency in an enzyme that reduces the lifespan of red blood cells. More than 150 unique mutations have been identified in the PK gene that lead to decreased activity in this essential enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. The prematurely lysed red blood cells can lead to jaundice, splenomegaly, and a hemolytic anemia.

This technology includes the identification and use of niclosamide analogs and prodrugs for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In-vitro studies have found niclosamide, an old anthelminthic drug, to be potent and effective against Covid-19. But the broad antiviral effect of niclosamide is offset by the low solubility of the drug, leading to poor oral absorption. The niclosamide analogs and prodrugs included in this technology have better in vitro physicochemical properties. Also, these analogs were comparable to niclosamide in the in-vitro 3D models of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This technology includes the synthesis and use of novel PI3K and HDAC dual inhibitors for the treatment of several cancers. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is activated in many human cancers, and inhibition of these kinases is an established cancer treatment. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key regulators of the cell cycle that function through regulating expression of tumor suppressors (p21 and p27), c-Myc and cyclin D1. HDAC inhibition is an emerging therapeutic approach for the treatment of several cancers.