This technology includes an alternative source of plasmid DNA produced in eukaryotic cells for non-viral gene transfer, which represent a novel eukaryotic alternative to bacterial plasmid DNA. Once introduced into non-dividing cells, ceDNA persists and transgene expression remains stable whereas plasmid (p) DNA is lost. The ceDNA and transfection reagent complex is nonimmunogenic allowing re-administration as needed: recombinant adeno-associated virus (rMV) is immunogenic precluding repeated administration.