SARS-CoV-2 is a virus of the Coronavirus family that has emerged as a major public health concern. The first cases of SARS-CoV-2 were reported in China and rapidly spread worldwide leading to a global pandemic. The highest morbidity and mortality have been reported in the elderly and immunocompromised. Antibody therapeutics have great importance for advanced cases of SARS-CoV-2 where a vaccine would not be effective and may be more effective than a vaccine in certain high-risk populations.

Scientists at NIAID have developed recombinant monoclonal antibodies that are effective in vitro and in vivo at neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. Based on whether they are mono-specific or bi-specific and where they bind to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, these antibodies can be subdivided into four groups that target (A) the receptor-binding-domain (RBD) of the SARS-COV-2 spike protein, (B) the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-COV-2 spike protein, (C) dual locations on the RBD, or (D) both the RBD and NTD. Crucially, these antibodies effectively neutralize the emerging B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.

These recombinant monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, in combination, or with other therapeutics for the treatment of SARS-COV-2. In addition to their potential as therapeutics, these antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can be used as prophylactics and in assay development. They can contribute to the surveillance, diagnosis, and prevention of SARS-COV-2. Furthermore, the specific antibody sequences and targets will inform vaccine development and establishment of long-term immunity.