Currently available identification methods for antigen-specific antibodies require live pathogens, antisera (that are only available for a limited number of species), and species-specific secondary antibodies (also a limited resource). Thus, detection or surveillance of pathogens in wild avian species or zoo animals, for example, is complex and cumbersome.

Researchers at the CDC have developed methods to rapidly detect antigen-specific antibodies in any species, including those for which secondary antibodies and/or antisera are unavailable. The unique methods involve direct labelling of biological samples, such as with biotinylation, thereby eliminating the need for species-specific conjugates. Thereafter, target-antigen detection can be completed by using a flow instrument or a plate-based immunological assay. Also, the assay can screen a large number of samples and can be adapted for use with many etiologic agents relevant to the mammalian, reptilian, and avian species, plants, or insects. Furthermore, this assay can detect one or more antibody classes simultaneously, rather than being limited to one particular type.